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Home My WebLink AboutTB Correspondence 2026-6 yr retentionCORRESPONDENCE LISTING January 12, 2026 Please review the following correspondence and indicate, by placing your initials in the right-hand column adjacent to the correspondence, that you wish to receive a copy. We can forward a copy to you via e-mail or make a hard copy. Please indicate your preference next to your name at the bottom of this form. Correspondence – Item Please place your initials here if you wish to receive a copy Retention: Permanent 1. Jung – Letter of Intent to Resign 2. 3. 4. Retention: Six-Year 1. Town of Enfield – FLAIR Project Adopted Resolution 2. 3. 4. TOWN OF ITHACA 215 NORTH TIOGA STREET, ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 www.townithacany.gov CORRESPONDENCE LISTING February 23, 2026 Please review the following correspondence and indicate, by placing your initials in the right -hand column adjacent to the correspondence, that you wish to receive a copy. We can forward a copy to you via e-mail or make a hard copy. Please indicate your preference next to your name at the bottom of this form. Correspondence – Item Please place your initials here if you wish to receive a copy Retention: Permanent 1. 2. 3. 4. Retention: Six-Year 1. Accelerated Mobility Plan Letter of Support 2. Annual Meeting Notification to the Media 3. CSI 2025 Annual Report 4. FLAIR Comment Extension 5. AOT Gold Award Media Release 6. Lifelong Letter of Thanks TOWN OF ITHACA 215 NORTH TIOGA STREET, ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 www.townithacany.gov TOWN OF ITHACA --—------NEW YORK OFFICE OF TOWN SUPERVISOR Rod Howe,Supervisor 215 N.Tioga St 14850 607.273.1721 rhowetownithacany.gov February 20,2026 Kyle Wagenshutz Partner,City Thread Dear Kyle and City Thread Accelerated Mobility Playbook Team: On behalf of the Town of Ithaca,I am pleased to offer our support for the joint application to City Thread’s Accelerated Mobility Playbook (AMP)Technical Assistance Program.We view this opportunity as a step toward strengthening intermunicipal coordination,accelerating safe-mobility improvements,and building more connected transportation networks for residents across the City and Town. This initiative will help implement City,County,and Town Comprehensive Plan goals to encourage active transportation and for safe and convenient access and mobility for all users regardless of age or ability across jurisdictional boundaries.The AMP program’s emphasis on collaboration,partnership development,and systematized project delivery aligns precisely with our local needs for improving cross-jurisdictional mobility. The Town also appreciates the AMP program’s structured framework for readiness assessment, partnership building,public communications,and implementation support,which will help our municipalities build shared capacity,reduce project timelines,and strengthen public trust in mobility initiatives. We appreciate the opportunity to collaborate with ITCTC,City of Ithaca,and Center for Community Transportation in this application and are excited to be a partner in these efforts, which are strongly aligned with the Town’s mission.We stand ready to help improve mobility in greater Ithaca through an engagement with City Thread to develop an Accelerated Mobility Playbook. Thank you for your consideration! Rod Howe Town Supervisor,Town of Ithaca 1 Paulette Rosa From:Paulette Rosa Sent:Thursday, January 15, 2026 3:41 PM To:Media Distribution Subject:Town of Ithaca Public Meetings Schedule Notice Attachments:2026 Media Notice of Meetings.pdf Good Afternoon, As required under Open Meetings Law and other regulations, attached and pasted below is oicial Notiﬁcation of the Town of Ithaca’s Public Meetings Schedule. https://lfweb.townithacany.gov/WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=190623&dbid=0&repo=TownOfIthaca If you have any questions or issues viewing this Schedule, please let me know. 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Pam Bleiwas; Eric Levine; Rob Rosen; Susie Gutenberger; Diana Sinton; David McCune Cc:Town Of Ithaca Clerks Department Subject:NYSEG FLAIR Project - Public Comment Extension & Project Concerns Attachments:2020 Working Group Report.pdf; Bekaert's White Paper - Grid Efficiency.pdf **WARNING** This email comes from an outside source. Please verify the from address, any URL links, and/or attachments. Any questions please contact the IT department Dear Supervisor and Town Board Members, My name is Shaun Brown and I am an intervenor in NYSEG’s FLAIR Project (Case 24-T-0710). I am writing to ensure the Town is aware that the Public Service Commission has extended the public comment period for this case to March 26, 2026. Since the NYSEG FLAIR Team met with the Town of Ithaca in December, I have come across some concerns regarding this project. While NYSEG presents this project as a routine rebuild, the proposed design is a massive industrial uprating that will fundamentally change part of the landscape around the project route. 1. Physical Impact: Height and Visibility NYSEG is seeking Article VII approval to uprate their 20.7 mile long transmission line from the Town of Montour to the Town of Ithaca by 150%.  Structure change: NYSEG plans to replace the wooden H-frame structures rising about 50 feet tall with steel monopoles that average 100 feet tall.  NYSEG claims the effects will be minimal because the line is in the existing right-of-way. Yet they are conflating siting with impact. By doubling the height, these structures will now rise above the tree canopy and fragment forests and impact viewsheds. 2. NYSEG’s “Old-School” Conductor Choice NYSEG’s plan proposes using the Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) conductor, which is an old school conductor (wire) that adds an avoidable height to structures.  The Sag Issue: The ACSR conductor heats up at 93°C in which it starts to sag. The maximum sag of the wire will exceed 30 feet, necessitating taller poles to incorporate the height of that sag.  The Modern Solution: Advance technologies, such as High-Temperature Low-Sag conductors, do not heat up until around 200°C and have much less sag. The Benefit: HTLS conductors are also more efficient and will have less line loss. HTLS conductors, such as the Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS), would allow NYSEG to uprate their line and achieve the same power goals with shorter pole heights and less line loss. 3. Industry Precedent & Utility Responsibility NYSEG is aware of HTLS technologies and has not considered or evaluated using them for the 2 FLAIR Project.  In 2020 New York Power Grid Study: NYSEG was a participant and signatory in the Utility Transmission and Distribution Investment Working Group Report. The working group report identified “Advanced High-Temperature Low-Sag (HTLS) conductors” as a “potential technology solution” within a list “to address…optimized utilization of existing transmission capacity and rights of way.” [See attached 2020 Working Group Report.]  Other Utilities Employing HTLS Technologies: National Grid is currently proposing using an ACSS conductor for its 28.6-mile project from South Oswego to Tar Hill Project in Oswego County.  Long-Term Efficiency: While HTLS is more expensive upfront, it is more efficient. As Bekaert (a leader in steel cores) notes on page 5 in the attached white paper: “A more efficient conductor is justified by the value today for savings expected to accumulate over decades into the future.” Furthermore, Bekaert’s states on page 3: “In the last 40 years, the most widely used high- temperature conductor is Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS). Its annealed aluminum strands allow lines to operate at conductor temperatures as high as 250°C.” [Attached is Bekaert’s white paper.] Conclusion As a municipality, I urge you to weigh the impacts this project will have on:  Community Character: The proportional scale of industrial infrastructure in close proximity to existing structures and landscapes will make everything seem smaller.  Property Tax Base: You should weigh how 100-foot structures would impact current and future land use and whether there will be impacts to the municipal property tax base. We are not just rebuilding and uprating a transmission line to meet CLCPA goals, we are building infrastructure for the next several generations. We should do so wisely, without sacrificing the beauty of the Town. If the Town wishes to file a formal comment, you can do so here. Sincerely, Shaun Brown Appendix C (to Initial Report on New York Power Grid Study) Utility Transmission & Distribution Investment Working Group Study App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Utility Transmission and Distribution Investment Working Group Report November 2, 2020 Respectfully Submitted, Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Long Island Power Authority Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation d/b/a National Grid New York State Electric & Gas Corporation Orange & Rockland Utilities, Inc. Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Page | i Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 1 Part 1: Transmission Policy Working Group Report ............................................. 8 I. Introduction .................................................................................... 8 II. CLCPA Investment Criteria and Project Prioritization Process ...... 13 III. Local Transmission Benefit Cost Analysis ...................................... 30 IV. Stakeholder Engagement .............................................................. 42 V.Cost Allocation and Cost Recovery ................................................ 46 VI. Article VII of the New York State Public Service Law ..................... 67 Part 2: Technical Analysis Working Group ......................................................... 71 I. Introduction .................................................................................. 71 II. Central Hudson Gas & Electric ...................................................... 77 III. Consolidated Edision Company of New York, Inc. ....................... 103 IV. Long Island Power Authority/PSEG Long Island .......................... 125 V.National Grid ............................................................................... 155 VI. NYSEG and RG&E ......................................................................... 176 VII. Orange & Rockland Utilities ........................................................ 228 Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group .............................................. 251 I. Introduction ................................................................................ 251 II. Objective ..................................................................................... 251 III. Prioritized Issues ......................................................................... 251 IV. Potential Technology Solutions ................................................... 253 V.Considerations ............................................................................. 257 VI. Conclusions / Recommendations ................................................ 263 Appendices ..................................................................................................... 270 Appendix A: Traditional Planning Criteria ................................................................ 271 Appendix B: BCA Example Calculations ................................................................... 282 App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Page | ii STATE OF NEW YORK PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Proceeding on Motion of the Commission to Implement Transmission Planning Pursuant to the Accelerated Renewable Energy Growth and Community Benefit Act ) ) ) ) Case 20-E-0197 App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group Page | 251 Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group I. INTRODUCTION The goal of the Advanced Technologies Working Group (ATWG) is to develop plans for the Utility Transmission and Distribution Investment Working Group to further the goals of the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) by considering roles and opportunities for grid investments in advanced technologies that apply to the Utilities, transmission owners, and operators. The working group focuses on developing research and development plans for new and/or underutilized technologies and innovations necessary to meet and advance New York’s clean energy goals. The context for the ATWG’s initial focus are: I. The transmission system, especially the sub-transmission system (138/115 kV) and below. II. The 70% renewable energy by 2030 targets. II. OBJECTIVE To address these goals, the working group is developing plans to study, evaluate, pilot, demonstrate, and deploy new and/or underutilized technologies and innovations that are able to increase electric power throughput, increase electric grid flexibility, increase renewable energy hosting capacities, increase the electric power system efficiencies and reduce overall system costs. Among the questions being considered are the following:  Are there existing technologies that can improve the efficiency of the grid that are being underutilized?  Are there research and development opportunities for new or emerging technologies?  How should we organize the State’s research and development effort?  How do we coordinate work with other State, National, and International research and development stakeholders (EPRI, Universities, National Labs, DOE, ARPAe, etc.)?  How do we coordinate this work with the other technical analysis and policy working group teams?  How will the Utilities integrate new technologies into planning and operations? III. PRIORITIZED ISSUES The group has prioritized several issues as being key to achieving CLCPA goals. These include the need to: App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group Page | 252  Alleviate transmission system bottlenecks to allow for better deliverability of renewable energy throughout the State,  Unbottle constrained resources to allow more hydro and/or wind imports and the ability to reduce system congestion,  Optimize utilization of existing transmission capacity and right of ways, and  Increase circuit load factor through dynamic ratings. To address transmission system bottlenecks, the group has developed a list of potential technology solutions that could include:  Utilizing energy storage for transmission and distribution services,  Investigating low-frequency AC transmission systems,  Utilizing high voltage DC grids,  Utilizing and coordinating deployment of flexible AC transmission system components,  Utilizing dynamic and ambient adjusted transmission line and cable rating systems,  Utilizing dynamic, closed-loop voltage and reactive power controls,  Improving operator situational awareness,  Utilizing wide-area monitoring systems,  Developing new decision support tools,  Developing new advanced energy management automation,  Developing new advanced contingency analysis tools,  Utilizing dynamic power flow controllers, and  Developing new renewable energy siting tools. To address the optimized utilization of existing transmission capacity and rights of way, the group has developed a list of potential technology solutions that could include:  Transformer, cable and transmission line monitoring systems,  Advanced sensor placement tools,  Advanced transmission and sub-transmission voltage regulation systems,  Dynamic line and equipment rating systems,  Energy storage for grid services,  Advanced high-temperature-low-sag conductors and new composite conductors,  New compact tower designs,  Power flow controllers,  Global information system utilization,  Sulfur hexafluoride monitoring and alternative systems,  Modular solid-state transformers and other advanced grid control devices, and  Improved ability of transmission lines to redirect flow to underutilized lines. App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group Page | 255 to the system operators will be necessary. This section discusses some of the advanced situational awareness tools in various stages of technology readiness being developed to meet the future needs. Some of the tools discussed are those using synchrophasor technology, dynamic security analysis, advanced short-term forecasting tools for much granular real and reactive power load as well as solar and wind generation, and much faster simulation and analytical tools. In addition, a comprehensive monitoring system would ensure the operators that all the advanced situational awareness tools are functioning as planned. E. Transformer monitoring: Large substation transformers that interconnect different voltage levels of the grid are major capital assets that are essential to the reliable delivery of economic power. Transformers can also perform a critical role in supporting utility efforts to increase power flows through existing transmission corridors to optimize grid utilization. Given the importance of transformers in a power system—and their high cost and long lead time for replacement—managing transformer fleets to maintain high levels of health and performance presents ongoing challenges for utilities striving to employ their assets to the fullest extent possible while maintaining system reliability and controlling costs. The challenges are compounded by transformer demographics. A high percentage of installed transformers are approaching or have exceeded their 40-year design lives. Replacing large numbers of these aging assets is neither practical nor financially feasible, so utilities seek to get as much performance and remaining life as possible from their transformer fleets. System abnormalities, loading, switching, and ambient conditions normally contribute to transformer accelerated aging and sudden failure. Therefore, central to transformer management is effective monitoring to gain a comprehensive view of transformer health, which can help utilities assess equipment condition, diagnose incipient degradation, anticipate problems, prevent failures and extend transformer life. Provided results are properly interpreted, monitoring offers intelligence to support repair/refurbish/ replace decisions that maximize performance and minimize costs. In short, monitoring can help utilities ensure that transformers stay healthy and perform critical functions such as supporting sustained additional loads, and not be the weak links in the power delivery chain. F. Advanced high-temperature, low sag (HTLS) conductors: More than 80% of bare stranded overhead conductors used in transmission lines consist of a combination of 1350-H19 (nearly pure aluminum, 1350, drawn to the highest temper possible—H19) wires, stranded in one or more helical layers around a core consisting of one or more steel strands. The steel strands are coated by one of several different methods to resist corrosion. By varying the size of the steel core while keeping the cross-sectional area of aluminum constant, the composite tensile strength of aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors can be varied over a range of 3 to 1. The mechanical and electrical properties of ACSR (and all aluminum conductors, such as AAC, AAAC, and ACAR) are quite stable with time, as long as the temperature of the aluminum strands remains less than 100°C. Above 100°C, the App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Part 3: Advanced Technologies Working Group Page | 256 work-hardened aluminum strands lose tensile strength with time at an increasing rate with temperature. The steel core strands, however, are unaffected by operation at temperatures up to at least 300°C (although conventional “hot-dip” galvanizing may be damaged by prolonged exposure to temperatures above 200°C). The sag-temperature behavior of ACSR is also dependent on the size of the steel core. At moderate to low conductor temperatures, the thermal elongation rate of ACSR is between that of steel (11.5 micro strain per °C) and that of aluminum (23 micro strain per °C). For example, with Drake ACSR, the thermal elongation is 18.9 micro strain per °C up to a temperature about 70°C but decreases to the thermal elongation rate of the steel core alone (11.5 micro strain per °C) at higher temperatures. High temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors are able to operate continuously at temperatures above 100°C (the HT part) without any reduction in breaking strength. In addition, they exhibit thermal elongation rates that are less than ACSR (the LS part). This characteristic allows the HTLS conductor to sag less than a conventional ACSR conductor at any temperature, especially elevated temperatures. G. Compact tower designs: Increasing transmission transfer capacity within existing right of ways is a potentially efficient and economic approach to solving thermal constraints. A compact transmission line may, be defined as a line where the lateral dimensions of the line - tower height, tower width, and minimum right-of-way width - are reduced relative to older existing lines of the same voltage class. There are numerous compact tower designs for horizontal, vertical, and phase compaction that can be considered to increase transfer capacity. The technology summary examines each of the line compaction designs and explores the associated advantages and disadvantages. H. SF6 monitoring/ SF6 alternatives: Electric utilities are facing increasing regulatory pressure and technical challenges related to the management of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which is widely used as an arc-quenching medium and as electrical insulation in gas-insulated substations (GIS) and gas-insulated lines (GIL). SF6 is a powerful greenhouse gas and at times can produce toxic decomposition products under certain fault conditions. Several countries outside of the United States and some U.S. states have implemented or are considering regulations to limit SF6 emissions above certain thresholds. In addition, alternatives to SF6 have emerged. The twin challenges of increasing regulatory scrutiny and the existence of potential SF6 replacements put the industry on the brink of significant technological disruption in this area. The issues associated with SF6 management and emerging SF6 alternatives are of concern especially for utilities seeking to build new substations and lines to alleviate transmission bottlenecks, reduce congestion and allow delivery of power from renewable sources from remote or distant locations. Gas-insulated substations and lines offer many benefits including compact size, modularity, physical security and protection from pollution and harsh environments. Their compactness and modularity make them especially suitable when new substations are needed in areas where land space is limited App. C to Initial Report on Power Grid Study Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge White Paper Using steel core to optimize the efficiency of your overhead conductors Contents The needs of power markets are rapidly changing. Today, operating the grid is all about integrating renewable and conventional sources and delivering reliable electricity to consumers at a favorable cost. This means optimizing grid efficiency by selecting overhead conductors with the optimal material, size, and design. Adding a steel core increases the breaking strength of an aluminum conductor by a factor of 2 to 3. Conductors with a steel core are more resistant to thermal sag and sag caused by various load conditions such as heavy winds and ice loading. Moreover, the cores reduce horizontal blowout distances and, as a consequence, the probability of horizontal clearance violations. Stranded steel wire cores have been used to reinforce aluminum, bare overhead conductors since the early Optimizing grid efficiency is the core challenge for today 1900’s. This was when Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) conductors allowed the use of longer span lengths and higher safety factors at high mechanical and electrical loads. In the last 40 years, the most widely used high-temperature conductor is Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS). Its annealed aluminum strands allow lines to operate at conductor temperatures as high as 250°C with zinc- aluminum alloy coated steel wire. This century, composite core conductors have provided an alternative solution, based on advantages such as reduced weight, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high tensile strength, and corrosion resistance. But which offers the best efficiency at optimal cost: steel cores or composite cores? 3Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Improving the efficiency of the electrical grid is one of many actions to address climate change and rising energy costs. Conservative temperature limits for the earliest overhead lines made them efficient. By the mid-1970s, load growth, combined with the financial and political cost of new lines, led to thermal uprating of existing line. The downside is a corresponding increase in the line losses. For the purpose of this paper, we define conductor efficiency as the point-to-point power delivery efficiency for each line section: the energy delivered at the load divided by the energy provided at the source. Grid efficiency is more difficult to define, but is a multi-factor weighted average of the efficiency of each point-to- point line section. Many transmission lines are extremely efficient due to operation at low average capacity factor. Bundled EHV and UHV lines are typically highly efficient because The drive to improve grid efficiency bundling needed to suppress corona results in these lines operating at a small fraction of their thermal capacity. The suggestion has been made that replacing all ACSR with advanced conductors will make the grid more efficient. The US government is likely at some point to impose requirements designed to improve the efficiency of the grid. If this happens regulatory agencies will be funded and tasked with writing regulations to limit energy loss, including losses in overhead lines. That will inevitably drive purchasing decisions towards larger and more efficient conductors. What is the best use of money for improved grid efficiency? The smart grid (sensors for situational awareness, decision tools, control devices) has its place. However, conductors dominate the loss. Therefore, larger (lower resistance) conductors and the associated structure changes will also receive careful attention. Power loss in a conductor is easily computed as the line current squared, multiplied by the AC or DC resistance of the conductor. Line current is highly variable over different seasons and times-of-day. It is therefore necessary to estimate an average annual current load to determine the annual loss. Once the engineers compute the energy loss in kWh, the economists place a dollar value on the line loss during the service life of the conductor. A more efficient conductor is justified by the value today for savings expected to accumulate over decades into the future. Reference 1 in the Bibliography presents the rigorous and daunting method for computing the value of line losses. In addition to the cost of energy, the method addresses the utility-specific owning costs for The economic value of a 1% conductor efficiency improvement generation and transmission assets, demand charges, and other direct and indirect costs. A simple shortcut is to assume electricity is priced correctly and use the average selling price of electricity as the cost. A present value computation of the annual savings is used to justify an investment today that pays back over decades into the future. Using 795 kcmil ACSR “Drake” conductor as the reference, and assuming a 200 A, annual average line load (~20% of capacity), 25 °C average annual temperature, and 2 ft/s (0.61 m/s) average annual wind speed, the IEEE 738 method computes an average conductor temperature of 35.6 °C. The computation for a 1% efficiency improvement follows: AC resistance Average annual load Convert 365 days Energy cost Annual cost 0.1215 Ω /mi X (200 A)2 /1,000 w/kW X 8,760 hr/yr X $0.20/kWh = $8,515/mi/yr 0.0755 Ω /km $5,289/km/yr 1% decreased resistance Inflation Service life Net present value Conductor cost Efficiency vs conductor cost $85.15/mi/yr @ 3.5%@ 40 years = $ 1,795.96/mi @ $2/ft ($10,560mi) =17% $52.89/km/yr $ 1,115.50/km $6.56/m ($6,560/km) The bottom line is that assuming the conductor cost is USD 2/ft (USD 6.56/m), this justifies a 17% cost increase for each 1% efficiency improvement. 5Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Numerous options exist for increasing the conductor efficiency at low to moderate cost. Options that effect interoperability within the existing system should be pursued only if all other options fail to meet the goal. For an example of interoperability, utilities maintain a supply of spare conductor and fittings for system restoration after storms and other events. It is unworkable to keep spares for special conductors Improve efficiency through design and manufacturing needing special fittings. The fittings suppliers have a role in qualifying their special fittings to serve as storm spares for both legacy conductors and high-efficiency conductor. Similarly, the high-efficiency conductors should be suitable as storm reserves for similar legacy conductors in service. In approximate order of cost-effectiveness, these are some easily available options you might like to consider: Design/Manufacturing Option Efficiency Improvement Cost1 ACSS Annealed Aluminum instead of ACSR Hard-drawn Aluminum 1% to 1.5% <1% - 10% Larger conductor 0.1% - 10% 0.1% - 10% Higher strength materials for the core to reduce core area and increase aluminum area 3%10% to 200%2 1 not including effect on structure cost 2 cost depends on steel vs composite core 6Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Conductor + Structure Cost Conductor Size Conductor and Structure Selection Based on Line Loss Co s t ( $ ) PV of Line Loss Total Cost Optimal Conductor Size 0 0 Kelvin's Law for Optimizing Conductor Size Figure 1: Kelvin's Law for Optimizing Conductor Size It is well-understood that conductor characteristics, especially the sag, impact the structure cost, and that conductor cost should therefore not be considered independent of its effect on the structure cost. In this paper there is no attempt to quantify the structure cost implications, which, depending on the line design, can be a deciding factor. As a basic principle, the conductor and structure combined cost increases linearly with the conductor size. Figure 1 shows a graphical presentation of Kelvin’s law for conductor size optimization. The blue line shows the linear relationship between the conductor size and the The economic optimization of conductor size conductor cost. The brown line is an exponential curve, showing that the cost of losses increases exponentially as the conductor becomes too small. The benefit of increasing the conductor size reaches the point of diminishing returns, where it becomes uneconomical to further increase the conductor size. The green curve is total cost, which is the sum of the conductor/structure cost and cost of line loss. The size for the minimum total cost is the optimum size, located at the dashed black line. Note that the green total cost curve is relatively flat near the optimum. This means that picking a conductor one or two sizes above the optimum has a very small impact on the cost, if losses are considered. 7Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | 1. Diameter Equal diameter, which is a requirement for reconductor options when existing structure limitations require a conductor no larger than the conductor being replaced 2. Efficiency Equal efficiency, where the size and cost impacts are compared for any given efficiency target 3. Cost Equal cost, where the size and efficiency are compared on an equal-cost basis Selecting the right conductor classification for optimal efficiency All conductor options considered in this paper use annealed aluminum, which offers lower resistance compared to hard-drawn aluminum used in ACSR and numerous other conductor designs. The proposed alternatives also use compact trapezoidal wire (TW) aluminum strands to increase the aluminum area or to reduce the conductor diameter for the same aluminum area. Annealed aluminum used in ACSS conductors also offers a large capacity increase due to higher thermal limits compared to ACSR conductors. Open-source data and industry-standard software were used to compute the temperature and corresponding AC resistance for conductors representing the three classification options. For simplicity, data for the alternate conductors are normalized by dividing the engineering value by the value for the “Drake” ACSR conductor. “Drake, accordingly, has a normalized value of one (1). The AC resistance values for the ACSS/TW Bezinal® core options assume the efficiency benefit of the annealed aluminum. An average line load of 500 A (50% of “Drake” capacity”) is assumed to keep the comparisons on an equal basis. The larger conductors will run cooler at 500 A, resulting in an efficiency benefit from both lower resistance and lower operating temperature (aluminum resistance increases with increasing temperature at a rate of 0.4%/°C). 8Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Drake Reconductor Options, Equal Diameter, 500 A Load Figure 2: Two Equal-Diameter Reconductor Options, Values Compared to Same Values for Drake Acsr 795.0 kcmil "Drake" Reference (Hard-Drawn AI., Galv. Steel Core) 956.6 kcmil "Suwannee" ACSS/TW (ACSS AI., Bezinal®. Steel Core) 1026 kcmil Comp. Core (AI. Carbon Fiber/Polymer Composite Core) 1) Conductors of equal diameter Figure 2 shows two leading equal-diameter conductor choices for efficiency and cost. In this comparison, the leading “Drake” replacement candidates are equal-diameter 959.6 kcmil (486.7 sq mm) ACSS/TW “Suwannee” with a steel/Bezinal® core, and a proprietary equal-diameter 1026 kcmil (523.9 sq mm) conductor with a composite core. The ACSS/TW conductor offers 24.9% greater efficiency at a 40% greater cost versus “Drake” ACSR. The composite core option has a smaller core allowing an increase in the aluminum area to 1026 kcmil. This increases the efficiency by 31.8%, at a 200% greater cost versus “Drake” ACSR. Higher strength cores would close the competitive disadvantage for steel in the same-diameter reconductor niche. Not reflected in the chart is the capacity increase from the reconductor: 100% for the ACSS option, and 70% for the composite core option. 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.00 1.00 1.31 2.00 1.24 1.40 Normalized Efﬁciency (”Drake” ACSR = 1) Normalized Cost (”Drake” ACSR = 1) 9Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Conductors of Approximately Equal Efficiency Normalized to "Drake" Reference, 500 A Load Figure 3: Conductors of Approximately Equal Efficiency Normalized to "Drake" Reference, 500 A Load 795.0 kcmil "Drake" Reference (Hard-Drawn AI., Galv. Steel Core) 1033.5 kcmil "Curlew/ACSS/TW" (ACSS AI., Bezinal®. Steel Core) 1026 kcmil Comp. Core (AI. Carbon Fiber/Polymer Composite Core) 2) Conductors of equal efficiency Figure 3 compares two conductors of approximately equal efficiency, where equal- diameter is not the deciding factor. The gray bar is added to the chart to show the normalized diameter. The ACSS option has a 2% larger diameter and 30% greater aluminum area, compared to the reference “Drake” ACSR. Figure 3 shows that for a 2% diameter increase, the 1033.5 kcmil ACSS/TW option offers a 33.7% efficiency increase compared to “Drake” ACSR, and a 1.4% efficiency increase compared to the composite core option. In this comparison, the ACSS/TW option is both lower cost and higher efficiency. 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.33 1.50 1.02 1.31 2.00 1.00 Normalized Efﬁciency (”Drake” ACSR = 1) Normalized Cost (”Drake” ACSR = 1) Normalized Diameter (”Drake” ACSR = 1) 10Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | 3) Conductors of equal cost The final comparison is the case of a fixed conductor budget, and a goal to increase the efficiency to the maximum for a given budget. Two options of approximately equal cost are illustrated in Figure 4. In this comparison, the 1622 kcmil (821.9 sq mm) ACSS/TW “Pecos” conductor offers a 104% increase in aluminum area compared to the “Drake” reference conductor. The “Pecos” diameter penalty is 28.2% compared to “Drake” and the same-diameter composite core conductor. The payoff is a 103.5% efficiency increase, compared to the “Drake” reference, and a 71.4% efficiency increase compared to the same-cost composite-core conductor. Drake Reconductor Options, Equal Diameter, 500 A Load Figure 4: Drake Reconductor Options, Equal Diameter, 500 A Load 795.0 kcmil "Drake" Reference (Hard-Drawn AI., Galv. Steel Core) 1622 "Pecos/ACSS/TW" (ACSS AI., Bezinal®. Steel Core) 1026 kcmil Comp. Core (AI. Carbon Fiber/Polymer Composite Core) 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.03 2.00 1.29 1.31 2.00 1.00 Normalized Efﬁciency (”Drake” ACSR = 1) Normalized Cost (”Drake” ACSR = 1) Normalized Diameter (”Drake” ACSR = 1) 11Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Conclusions The grid of the future will have higher efficiency due to increasing energy costs, public pressure, and policy directives that very likely will include a requirement to account for the cost of line losses in the line design. Steel cores meet this challenge head-on thanks to their excellent combination of low cost and high efficiency. Composite cores fill a niche where the premium for a composite core is outweighed by structure costs. In this analysis, an ACSS conductor is shown to be 71.4% more efficient than the same-cost composite core conductor. An ACSS conductor with 1.4% greater efficiency than a composite core conductor is shown to cost 25% less. It is important that the policy makers and decision makers set rules that enable the selection of the most cost-effective and efficient conductor options. In most cases, the optimum conductor will have a steel core. Contributors Dan Berkowitz Dan Berkowitz currently leads the North American Energy marketing & strategy department for Bekaert, focused on driving the Power Transmissions ACSS/ACSR Conductor growth. Dan has held many product management roles throughout his career related to the Energy Industry. His aspirations are to deliver the most efficient and economical solution that brings our electric grid into the future. David Berta David Berta is the quality manager at Bekaert's Van Buren, Arkansas facility which manufactures steel cores for the United States and North American conductors. David has a background in material science from the Georgia Institute of Technology, black belt training in Lean and Six Sigma, and holds American Society for Quality certifications in Quality Engineering and Quality Management. His has been hands on with the design and manufacture of electrical conductors and their components for over 15 years. 12Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Reference 1: Aluminum Association Publication 54: "The evaluation of losses in conductors", Second Edition, 1998. Reference 2: US Senate Bill S2659: Advanced Energy Technologies and Grid Efficiency Act of 2021 Reference 3: US House Bill HR 4972 (identical to Senate bill): Advanced Energy Technologies and Grid Efficiency Act of 2021 Reference 4: Conductivity, Capacity, and Temperature Calculations: These parameters are determined using industry-standard methodologies outlined in IEEE 738. This approach is widely adopted by manufacturers and line designers for conducting these computations. Reference 5: ACSR Cost Estimation: The cost estimation for ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) is based on a reasonably accurate calculation. It comprises the LME landed metal costs for aluminum, steel, and zinc, augmented by an additional 30% to cover conversion costs, overheads, and profit margins. Reference 6: Conductor Technical Data: The technical data for conductors is sourced from reputable manufacturer websites and adheres to the specifications outlined by ASTM standards. Reference 7: Sag and Tension Analysis: For sag and tension analysis, the following software tools are employed: PLS-CADD Software, and other conductor manufacturers online software. Bibliography 13Grid Efficiency: The Core Challenge | Modifications reserved All details describe our products in general form only. For ordering and design only use official specifications and documents. Unless otherwise indicated, all trademarks mentioned in this document are registered trademarks of NV Bekaert SA or its subsidiaries. ©Bekaert 2023 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE TOWN OF ITHACA RECOGNIZED AS A NEW YORK STATE TOWN OF EXCELLENCE Town Receives Gold Designation from New York Association of Towns The Town of Ithaca has been named a Town of Excellence by the New York Association of Towns (NYAOT), joining twelve other towns across New York State to receive this prestigious designation in the program's inaugural year. The Towns of Excellence Program recognizes towns that exemplify outstanding leadership, innovation, and commitment to their community. Towns are evaluated across multiple categories including economic development, sustainability and sound planning, community engagement, quality of life, governance and transparency, and workforce development. "We are incredibly proud to recognize these thirteen towns that are setting the standard for excellence in local government across New York State," said Christopher Koetzle, NYAOT Executive Director. "Each of these communities has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to innovation, transparency, and serving their residents. The Towns of Excellence Program celebrates the extraordinary work happening in New York's towns every day." The Town of Ithaca was formally honored at NYAOT's 2026 Annual Meeting alongside the other award recipients. Town Board Member Susie Gutenberger and Finance Officer Kelly Anderson attended the awards ceremony. The town is also featured on NYAOT's Towns of Excellence webpage and is authorized to display the official Towns of Excellence badge on municipal materials and its website. Rod Howe, Town Supervisor, states “The Town of Ithaca is extremely proud of the designation” and adds that over the past few years “I have challenged Town Staff and Board members to work toward us being one of the best municipalities in New York State.” The Town has worked tirelessly to be responsive; fiscally responsible; to be a great intermunicipal partner; to promote workforce development; to be a sustainability leader; to be a steward of our natural resources; to maintain a network of trails, parks and preserves; and to focus on supporting development which includes housing development. The New York Association of Towns represents 933 towns across New York State, providing advocacy, education, and resources to support home rule and effective local governance. For more information about the Towns of Excellence Program, visit www.nytowns.org or contact Katie Hodgdon at khodgdon@nytowns.org. Rod Howe, Town Supervisor RHowe@townithacany.gov www.TownIthacaNY.gov